Simvastatin treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis receiving interferon beta 1a: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Togha M, Karvigh S A, Nabavi M, Moghadam N B, Harirchian M H, Sahraian M A, Enzevaei A, Nourian A, Ghanaati H, Firouznia K, et al. Mult Scler. 2010 Jul; 16(7):848-54. Epub 2010 May 20. PMID: 20488825. Abstract
Simvastatin in Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) Patients Using Avonex Compared to Placebo (irmsrct) ClinicalTrials.gov, 29 Jul 2010 Accessed on 21 May 2014 from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00668343.
Simvastatin as add-on therapy to interferon β-1a for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (SIMCOMBIN study): a placebo-controlled randomised phase 4 trial. Sorensen P S, Lycke J, Erälinna J-P, Edland A, Wu X, Frederiksen J L, Oturai A, Malmeström C, Stenager E, Sellebjerg F, et al. Lancet Neurol. 2011 Aug; 10(8):691-701. PMID: 21742556. Abstract
Simvastatin as an Add-on Treatment to Interferon-beta-1a for the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (SIMCOMBIN) ClinicalTrials.gov, 14 Oct 2010 Accessed on 21 May 2014 from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00492765.
Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Chataway J, Schuerer N, Alsanousi A, Chan D, Macmanus D, Hunter K, Anderson V, Bangham CRM, Clegg S, Nielsen C, et al. Lancet. 2014 Mar 18. PMID: 24655729. Abstract
Investigation of Simvastatin in Secondary Progressive Multiple Sclerosis (MS-STAT) ClinicalTrials.gov, 26 Nov 2012 Accessed on 21 May 2014 from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00647348.
Oral simvastatin treatment in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Vollmer T, Key L, Durkalski V, Tyor W, Corboy J, Markovic-Plese S, Preiningerova J, Rizzo M, Singh I Lancet. 2004 May 15; 363(9421):1607-8. PMID: 15145635. Abstract
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Statins as immunomodulators: comparison with interferon-beta 1b in MS. Neuhaus O, Strasser-Fuchs S, Fazekas F, Kieseier BC, Niederwieser G, Hartung HP, Archelos JJ Neurology. 2002 Oct 8; 59(7):990-7. PMID: 12370451. Abstract
The HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin inhibits IFN-gamma induced MHC class II expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Kwak B, Mulhaupt F, Veillard N, Pelli G, Mach F Swiss Med Wkly. 2001 Jan 27; 131(3-4):41-6. PMID: 11219190. Abstract
Inhibition of interferon-gamma-mediated microvascular endothelial cell major histocompatibility complex class II gene activation by HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Sadeghi MM, Tiglio A, Sadigh K, O'Donnell L, Collinge M, Pardi R, Bender JR Transplantation. 2001 May 15; 71(9):1262-8. PMID: 11397960. Abstract
Immunomodulation by statins: inhibition of cholesterol vs. isoprenoid biosynthesis. Kuipers HF, van den Elsen PJ Biomed Pharmacother. 2007 Aug; 61(7):400-7. Epub 2007 Jul 05. PMID: 17643927. Abstract
Statins affect cell-surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules by disrupting cholesterol-containing microdomains. Kuipers HF, Biesta PJ, Groothuis TA, Neefjes JJ, Mommaas MA, van den Elsen PJ Hum Immunol. 2005 Jun; 66(6):653-65. PMID: 15993711. Abstract
Simvastatin affects cell motility and actin cytoskeleton distribution of microglia. Kuipers HF, Rappert AAC, Mommaas MA, van Haastert ES, van der Valk P, Boddeke HWGM, Biber KPH, van den Elsen PJ Glia. 2006 Jan 15; 53(2):115-23. PMID: 16206159. Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors suppress maturation of human dendritic cells: new implications for atherosclerosis. Yilmaz A, Reiss C, Tantawi O, Weng A, Stumpf C, Raaz D, Ludwig J, Berger T, Steinkasserer A, Daniel WG, et al. Atherosclerosis. 2004 Jan; 172(1):85-93. PMID: 14709361. Abstract
Simvastatin reduces the expression of adhesion molecules in circulating monocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients. Rezaie-Majd A, Prager GW, Bucek RA, Schernthaner GH, Maca T, Kress H-G, Valent P, Binder BR, Minar E, Baghestanian M Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003 Mar 1; 23(3):397-403. Epub 2003 Jan 30. PMID: 12615677. Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce adhesion of human monocytes to endothelial cells. Teupser D, Bruegel M, Stein O, Stein Y, Thiery J Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001 Dec 14; 289(4):838-44. PMID: 11735122. Abstract
Simvastatin reduces expression of cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in circulating monocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients. Rezaie-Majd A, Maca T, Bucek RA, Valent P, Müller MR, Husslein P, Kashanipour A, Minar E, Baghestanian M Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002 Jul 1; 22(7):1194-9. PMID: 12117737. Abstract
Inhibition of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase reduces Th1 development and promotes Th2 development. Hakamada-Taguchi R, Uehara Y, Kuribayashi K, Numabe A, Saito K, Negoro H, Fujita T, Toyo-oka T, Kato T Circ Res. 2003 Nov 14; 93(10):948-56. Epub 2003 Oct 16. PMID: 14563711. Abstract
Simvastatin attenuates expression of cytokine-inducible nitric-oxide synthase in embryonic cardiac myoblasts. Madonna R, Di Napoli P, Massaro M, Grilli A, Felaco M, De Caterina A, Tang D, De Caterina R, Geng Y-J J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 8; 280(14):13503-11. Epub 2005 Feb 10. PMID: 15705589. Abstract
Different effects of simvastatin and interferon beta on the proteolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinases. Kieseier BC, Archelos JJ, Hartung H-P Arch Neurol. 2004 Jun; 61(6):929-32. PMID: 15210533. Abstract
Simvastatin treatment does not protect retinal ganglion cells from degeneration in a rat model of autoimmune optic neuritis. Sättler MB, Diem R, Merkler D, Demmer I, Boger I, Stadelmann C, Bähr M Exp Neurol. 2005 May; 193(1):163-71. PMID: 15817275. Abstract
Statins reduce human blood-brain barrier permeability and restrict leukocyte migration: relevance to multiple sclerosis. Ifergan I, Wosik K, Cayrol R, Kébir H, Auger C, Bernard M, Bouthillier A, Moumdjian R, Duquette P, Prat A Ann Neurol. 2006 Jul; 60(1):45-55. PMID: 16729291. Abstract
Effects of IFN-beta, leptin and simvastatin on LIF secretion by T lymphocytes of MS patients and healthy controls. Vanderlocht J, Hendriks JJA, Venken K, Stinissen P, Hellings N J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Aug; 177(1-2):189-200. Epub 2006 Jun 22. PMID: 16797728. Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits interferon-gamma-induced MHC class II up-regulation in cultured astrocytes. Zeinstra E, Wilczak N, Chesik D, Glazenburg L, Kroese FGM, De Keyser J J Neuroinflammation. 2006; 3:16. Epub 2006 Jul 21. PMID: 16859542. Abstract
Immunomodulatory effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase inhibitors, potential therapy for relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Peng X, Jin J, Giri S, Montes M, Sujkowski D, Tang Y, Smrtka J, Vollmer T, Singh I, Markovic-Plese S J Neuroimmunol. 2006 Sep; 178(1-2):130-9. Epub 2006 Jul 25. PMID: 16870268. Abstract
Simvastatin regulates oligodendroglial process dynamics and survival. Miron VE, Rajasekharan S, Jarjour AA, Zamvil SS, Kennedy TE, Antel JP Glia. 2007 Jan 15; 55(2):130-43. PMID: 17078030. Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production from murine mast cells. Kagami S-ichiro, Kanari H, Suto A, Fujiwara M, Ikeda K, Hirose K, Watanabe N, Iwamoto I, Nakajima H Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2008; 146 Suppl 1:61-6. Epub 2008 May 27. PMID: 18504409. Abstract
Statin treatment of adult human glial progenitors induces PPAR gamma-mediated oligodendrocytic differentiation. Sim FJ, Lang JK, Ali TA, Roy NS, Vates EG, Pilcher WH, Goldman SA Glia. 2008 Jul; 56(9):954-62. PMID: 18383345. Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits IL-17 secretion by targeting multiple IL-17-regulatory cytokines and by inhibiting the expression of IL-17 transcription factor RORC in CD4+ lymphocytes. Zhang X, Jin J, Peng X, Ramgolam VS, Markovic-Plese S J Immunol. 2008 May 15; 180(10):6988-96. PMID: 18453621. Abstract
Increased immunopotency of monocyte derived dendritic cells from patients with optic neuritis is inhibited in vitro by simvastatin. Tsakiri A, Tsiantoulas D, Frederiksen J, Svane I M Exp Neurol. 2010 Feb; 221(2):320-8. Epub 2009 Dec 04. PMID: 19948167. Abstract
Simvastatin interferes with process outgrowth and branching of oligodendrocytes. Smolders I, Smets I, Maier O, vandeVen M, Steels P, Ameloot M J Neurosci Res. 2010 Nov 15; 88(15):3361-75. PMID: 20857509. Abstract
Lack of neuroprotective effects of simvastatin and minocycline in a model of cervical spinal cord injury. Lee JHT, Tigchelaar S, Liu J, Stammers AMT, Streijger F, Tetzlaff W, Kwon BK Exp Neurol. 2010 Sep; 225(1):219-30. Epub 2010 Jun 28. PMID: 20599974. Abstract
Simvastatin improves final visual outcome in acute optic neuritis: a randomized study. Tsakiri A, Kallenbach K, Fuglø D, Wanscher B, Larsson H, Frederiksen J Mult Scler. 2012 Jan; 18(1):72-81. Epub 2011 Sep 15. PMID: 21921071. Abstract
Simvastatin Treatment of Patients With Acute Optic Neuritis ClinicalTrials.gov, 7 Jan 2011 Accessed on 29 May 2014 from http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00261326.
Influence of the use of statin on the stability of erythrocyte membranes in multiple sclerosis. de Freitas M V, de Oliveira M R, dos Santos D F, de Cássia Mascarenhas Netto R, Fenelon S B, Penha-Silva N J Membr Biol. 2010 Feb; 233(1-3):127-34. Epub 2010 Feb 10. PMID: 20146058. Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits IFN regulatory factor 4 expression and Th17 cell differentiation in CD4+ T cells derived from patients with multiple sclerosis. Zhang X, Tao Y, Troiani L, Markovic-Plese S J Immunol. 2011 Sep 15; 187(6):3431-7. Epub 2011 Aug 19. PMID: 21856936. Abstract
Simvastatin inhibits secretion of Th17-polarizing cytokines and antigen presentation by DCs in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Zhang X, Tao Y, Wang J, Garcia-Mata R, Markovic-Plese S Eur J Immunol. 2013 Jan; 43(1):281-9. Epub 2012 Dec 06. PMID: 23076801. Abstract
ZOCOR (simvastatin) Tablets Merck Accessed on 29 May 2014 from http://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/z/zocor/zocor_pi.pdf.
The toxicology of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: prediction of human risk. MacDonald JS, Halleck MM Toxicol Pathol. 2004 Jul-Aug; 32 Suppl 2:26-41. PMID: 15503662. Abstract
Simvastatin: a review. Pedersen TR, Tobert JA Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 Dec; 5(12):2583-96. PMID: 15571475. Abstract
Structural mechanism for statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase. Istvan ES, Deisenhofer J Science. 2001 May 11; 292(5519):1160-4. PMID: 11349148. Abstract
Simvastatin: two decades in a circle. Kolovou GD, Katerina A, Ioannis V, Cokkinos DV Cardiovasc Ther. 2008 Summer; 26(2):166-78. PMID: 18485137. Abstract
Merck Loses Protection for Patent on Zocor Berenson A, The New York Times, 23 Jun 2006 Accessed on 29 May 2014 from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/23/business/23statin.html?_r=0.
Simvastatin ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting Th1/Th17 response and cellular infiltration. de Oliveira D M, de Oliveira E M L, de Ferrari M F R, Semedo P, Hiyane M I, Cenedeze M A, Pacheco-Silva A, Câmara N O S, Peron J P S Inflammopharmacology. 2015 Dec; 23(6):343-54. Epub 2015 Nov 11. PMID: 26559850. Abstract